What Is Quantum Machine Learning And How Can It Help Us, Artificial intelligence refers, among other things, to machines’ capacity to demonstrate some degree of what humans consider “intelligence”. This process is being driven by the rapid advancement of machine learning: getting machines to think for themselves rather than pre-programming them with an absolute concept.
Take image recognition. Humans excel at this task, but it’s proved difficult to simulate artificially. Training a machine to recognize a cat doesn’t mean inputting a set definition of what a cat looks like. Instead, many different images of cats are inputted; the aim is that the computer learns to distill the underlying “cat-like” pattern of pixels.
This dependence on data is a powerful training tool. But it comes with potential pitfalls. If machines are trained to find and exploit patterns in data then, in certain instances, they only perpetuate the race, gender or class prejudices specific to current human intelligence.
But the data-processing facility inherent to machine learning also has the potential to generate applications that can improve human lives. “Intelligent” machines could help scientists to more efficiently detect cancer or better understand mental health.
Most of the progress in machine learning so far has been classical: the techniques that machines use to learn to follow the laws of classical physics. The data they learn from has a classical form. The machines on which the algorithms run are also classical.
We work in the emerging field of quantum machine learning, which is exploring whether the branch of physics called quantum mechanics might improve machine learning. Quantum mechanics is different from classical physics on a fundamental level: it deals in probabilities and makes a principle out of uncertainty. Quantum mechanics also expands physics to include interesting phenomena which cannot be explained using classical intuition.
From classical to quantum
Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics that attempts to understand and apply mathematical, verifiable rules to the behavior of nature at the smallest end of the spectrum – on the scale of atoms, electrons, and photons. It was first developed at the beginning of the 20th century and has been very successful in describing systems on the microscopic level.
The fundamental divide between the quantum and classical worlds has been popularised by Schrodinger’s cat thought experiment. In it, a cat is sealed in a box along with a vial of poison and a radioactive atom. The release of the poison – and the cat’s life – depends on the decay of the atom.
Quantum mechanics allows the atom to be described as simultaneously decayed or undecayed until a measurement forces it into an exact state. But it then should follow that the cat can be described as both dead and alive at the same time until the box is opened and the state of the cat made certainly. The paradox illustrates the difficulty of applying quantum rules to classical objects.
This is one of the more fascinating possibilities inherent in quantum theory: that it is possible for a quantum system to be in more than one state at the same time – a phenomenon described as a superposition – until that system is measured.
Quantum computing
There are several ways in which machine learning might be made quantum. Of these, it’s the race to create a quantum computer that’s dominated the popular press and seen the development of contenders like the D-Wave computer and the IBM Quantum Experience.
Quantum computers’ value would lie in their ability to process information and perform computational tasks differently, and in some instances more quickly, than classical computers.
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